Reading commentaries (( economics )) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading commentaries (( economics )) - Assignment Example The chapter brings readers to attention of the failure of neoclassical theorists to recognize the upheavals that capitalism was going through, which culminated into emergence of new schools of thought by such economists as Bastiat. Capitalism was subverted by a tinge of imperialism, coupled by a severe depression that ultimately resulted in the Great Depression (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 372). Neoclassical economists assumed normal periods of boom and depression. They also assumed that the economy had self-correcting mechanisms which would automatically fall in action whenever the economy underwent depression. Social unrests such as the World War 1, emergence of fascism and Soviet Revolution had a pervasive effect on the stability of capitalism. The chapter reveals that this instability marked the departure of such economists as Keynes from the classical school of thought. Keynes felt the need to reassess his thinking or ideas which were hedged on classical school of thought. In explain ing the failures of the classical economists, the chapter brings to light two untenable issues that dominated the classical theories. The first issue relates to the concept of utility. ... Classical economists assumed that in equilibrium, the entrepreneur did not make profits. They also failed to analyze the negative features associated with the production process under capitalism. The concept of utility and maximizing profits is clearly elaborated in the chapter. Consumers seek to maximize utility out of a given bundle of good while firms seek to maximize profits. The chapter notes that classical economists came up with abstract ideas to explain the concept of utility maximization. For example, classical economists used indifference curves in their explanation of utility concept and diminishing marginal utility. Classical economists assumed an ordinal approach to consumer preference. The authors have dismissed this as â€Å"conceptually impossible† (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 374). A graphical approach has enabled readers to understand the concept of maximizing utility. The assumption here is that there is consistency in the choice made by consumers and that there are only two commodities involved (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 376). The level of consumers’ income acts as the budget constraint. The concept of indifference curves enabled marginal utility of goods to be measured through analysis of the slope of indifference curves. The concept was also important in determining the equilibrium point at which a firm should produce through the use of isoquants. The chapter also explains how a production possibility frontier was used to arrive at combinations of goods that could possibly be produced in a situation whereby there was efficient utilization of capital and labor in the society (Hunt and Lautzenheiser 375). The chapter has devoted to highlighting key criticisms of the neoclassical economics in order to enable students construct balanced opinions. The

Horniman Horticulture Essay Example for Free

Horniman Horticulture Essay Executive Summary: Horniman Horticulture is a wholesale nursery located near Lynchburg, VA. Its owned by Bob and Maggie Brown. From 2002-2005, the nursery’s operations grew by more then 40%. Revenue growth has exceeded the industry benchmark. The nursery now consists of 52 greenhouses, 40 acres of land, and 12 full-time workers as well as 15 seasonal workers. Problem: While experiencing booming demand and improving margins, the Browns are confused by their plummeting cash balance. Analysis: Horniman’s current assets are growing over time, but in a less liquid fashion, less from cash and more from receivables and inventory. Horniman is not receiving money as quickly as they would hope, which is shown by the 9-day increase in receivable days since 2002 (exhibit 2 p.141). This figure is also well above its benchmark. The Inventory days increased every year as well and was well above the benchmark of 386.3. Payable days decreased much more than was expected, to 9.9 in 2005 when the benchmark was 27. What most likely happened is that as Horniman grew, it began selling inventories with higher margins and better financing options were being offered to its customers. Favorable terms are attractive to new clients but it can also increase risk of non-payment from customers. In terms of where the cash they have made is going, we must look at how they are distributing their cash flow. Most cash was invested back into the business itself to build capital. It seems as if every dollar of profit was put towards more net working capital. Recommendation: Increasing the payable days or lowering the day’s receivable outstanding would reduce the cash conversion cycle. Although it is important to invest cash back into the company for growth, a more conservative approach of holding on to more cash would benefit Horniman in the future.

The Effect Of Third Party Candidates In Presidental Elections Essay exa

The Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidental Elections Although citizens of the United States have the opportunity to vote for many different offices at the national, state, and local levels, the election of the president of the United States every four years is the focal point of the American political process. The American political system has maintained a two- party system since its inception. Political scientists argue that a two-party system is the most stable and efficient means of running a democratic nation as a mono-party system leads toward tyranny, and a multi-party system creates over- diversification and gridlock (Mazmanian 6). The Constitution of the United States does not in any way limit the structure of the political system to two parties. In fact, there has been no presidential election where there were only two candidates; however, third-party candidates are rarely represented in a majority of the states, and those that were on the ballot in a majority of states have never been successful. However, on a few occasions, third party candidates have been able to make a significant impact on the presidential election process such as George Wallace in 1968 and H. Ross Perot in 1992. Through nineteenth century there was little deviation from the traditional two-party system. Until then, political candidates were utterly dependant upon the political infrastructure of an established party for their campaigns. Until the development of mass media technologies, including radio and television, political candidates had no direct means of communicating with the public and were thus dependant on the communications systems of the major parties. Thus, third party movements lacked the capabilities to run an effective campaign against the major parties. However, mass media has changed the scope of the election process and brought about the demise of the major political parties (Robinson 147). Candidates who run a television dominated campaign have hurt their parties in a number of ways. The media specialists who manage such campaigns tend to be loyal to a candidate rather than to the candidate's party; as a result, the campaign supports a single candidate and not the entire ticket of the party. In addition, the heavy reliance on television allows a candidate to reach voters directly, thereby weakening the traditional function of the party as an info... ...eed, Ross Perot and George Wallace had a profound effect on the outcome of the elections they participated in, but Perot had a more lasting effect. Ross Perot proved to the world that it is quite plausible for a completely independent candidate to "walk into center stage and steal the show" (Robinson 141). With the decline of the political parties and their role in the campaign process, the possibilities for more successful independent candidates can only increase. Eventually an independent will go farther than swaying the outcome. One day an independent will win. Works Cited Brown, Gene. H. Ross Perot: Texas Billionaire. Vero Beach: Rourke Enterprises, Inc, 1993. Goldman, Peter and Tom Mathews. "The Manhattan Project". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.40-57 Jackson, David. "3rd party chances gauged" Dallas Morning News. November 5, 1992. Mazmanian, Daniel A. Third Parties in Presidential Elections. New York: Franklin Watts, 1974. Murr, Andrew. "Superhero". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.70-77. Robinson, James W., ed. Ross Perot Speaks Out. Rocklin: Prima Publishing, 1992. .

An offshoot of business process outsourcing Essay

1. (TCO 2) An offshoot of business process outsourcing which requires a greater skill or knowledge of the industry or inner workings of a firm is: 2. (TCO 3) How are the procurement responsibilities divided between the project manager and contract administrator? 3. (TCO 4) What is the difference between the Cost-Plus-Percentage-Fee (CPF) contract structure and the Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) contract structure? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the buyer and seller, an analysis of exposure can be completed. Categories analyzed in this exposure analysis include all of the following except: 5. (TCO 6) Factors that may affect the BPO agreement structure include all of the following except: 6. (TCO 6) Sometimes a seller is selected based solely on lowest price. However, sometimes this is not always the most efficient or effective way of selecting a seller. What are some of the other evaluation criteria that a buyer may use to help select a seller? 7. (TCO 7) Issuing an RFP to only one vendor may be appropriate when: 8. (TCO 7) Explain the purpose of an RFP. What are some common elements of an RFP? 9. (TCO 8) What is an independent estimate and why should a buyer produce an independent estimate before selecting a seller? 10. (TCO 2) Part 1: Explain the various steps of the project procurement process. Part 2: Using the simple decision of packing and moving your home furnishing from the east coast to the west coast, provide an example of what you would do under each of the six steps of the project procurement process. Part 3: The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process? 11. (TCO 1) Part 1: What are the four contract pricing structures available? Part 2: Describe the appropriate utilization of each and the impact of risk to the buyer and seller. Part 3. What contract pricing structure would you use if you had little to no scope defined? PROJ 410 Midterm Exam 2 1. (TCO 2) A firm should concentrate on its _____ processes while outsourcing its _____ processes. 2. (TCO 3) Explain the difference between a contract  administrator and a project manager in a procurement situation. 3. (TCO 4) What is the difference between the Cost-Plus-Percentage-Fee (CPF) contract structure and the Cost-Plus-Fixed-Fee (CPFF) contract structure? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the buyer and seller, an analysis of exposure can be completed. Categories analyzed in this exposure analysis include all of the following except: ______. 5. (TCO 6) Factors that may affect the BPO agreement structure include all of the following except: ______. 6. (TCO 6) Three commonly used evaluation criteria listed in an RFP are overall cost or financial proposal, reputation, and experience. What can the buyer glean from this information and how can the buyer use it to make a decision on a particular seller? 7. (TCO 7) All of the following are common RFP topics, e xcept: ______. 8. (TCO 7) Explain the purpose of an RFP. What are some common elements of an RFP? 9. (TCO 8) What are the two ways to rank the seller’s proposals before selecting a seller? 10. (TCO 2) Part 1: List and define the six phases of the project procurement management process. Part 2: How could you organize a simple project such as renovating a bathroom into the six steps in the project procurement management process? Part 3: The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process? 11. (TCO 1) Part 1: Discuss the following types of contract pricing: (a) fixed price, (b) cost-plus price, (c) time & materials, and (d) unit price. Part 2: Explain the appropriate utilization of each contract pricing type and the impact of risk to the contracting parties. Part 3: What type of contract pricing structure misaligns the buyer’s motivations with the seller’s? 12. (TCO 3) Identify and describe the benefits that procurement outsourcing will bring to the organization. 13. (TCO 1) Discuss the importance of obtaining support for the process of Business Process Outsourcing. Who would be important to involve and why? PROJ 410 Midterm Exam 3 1. (TCO 2) A firm should concentrate on its _____ processes while outsourcing its _____ processes. 2. (TCO 3) What activities is the contract administrator responsible for in a contract situation? What about the project manager? 3. (TCO 4) What is the difference between the  Cost-Plus-Fixed Fee (CPFF) and the Cost-Plus-Incentive Fee (CPIF) contract structures? 4. (TCO 5) To assess the impact of a contract on both the buyer and seller, an analysis of exposure can be completed. Categories analyzed in this exposure analysis include all of the following except: ______. 5. (TCO 6) The Term, Contracting Party, Integration, Retained Assets, and Performance Standards are all: _______. 6. (TCO 6) List three commonly used evaluation criteria listed in an RFP and explain why a buyer would want this information before selecting a seller. 7. (TCO 8) What is an independent estimate and why should a buyer produce an independent estimate before selecting a seller? 8. (TCO 7) For most customers, requesting multiple bids is the preferred approach because it: _______. 9. (TCO 7) Describe the common sections of the RFP. 10. (TCO 2) Part 1: List and define the six phases of the project procurement management process. Part 2: How could you organize a simple project such as renovating a bathroom into the six steps in the project procurement management process? Part 3: The buyer determines the contract pricing structure during which step of the project procurement process? 11. (TCO 1) Part 1: Discuss the following types of contract pricing: (a) fixed price, (b) cost-plus price, (c) time & materials, and (d) unit price. Part 2: Explain the appropriate utilization of each contract pricing type and the impact of risk to the contracting parties. Part 3: What type of contract pricing structure misaligns the buyer’s motivations with the seller’s? 12. (TCO 3) Evaluate the most common business drivers for outsourcing business processes. Which two drivers would be among the most important? 13. (TCO 1) List and describe the directives to consider the process of outsourcing if you are a senior manager. COPY THIS LINK TO YOUR BROWSER: http://oassignment.com/PROJ-410-Midterm-Exam-03-Sets-1687.htm

Assignment requirment Essay

Colonial Tap Company (CTC) is a manufacturer of taps and fittings for the plumbing trade, located in Brisbane. The Company was established by Ken Hall in 1951, with a workforce of 10, to meet the needs of the post-war housing boom. Its product range was fairly limited but the company had an excellent reputation for quality. Nowadays, CTC manufacturers an extensive range of high quality brass and chrome taps. The company is managed by Ken’s son, Michael, and employs 20 people. It has annual sales averaging approximately $1million. Although it has been consistently profitable, CTC has experienced increasing pressure from competitors since the early 1990s. The company uses a cost-plus approach to pricing but is having to reduce its markup constantly in order to maintain market share. Both Ken and Michael qualified as engineers. The business is small and has never been able to employ an accountant. Instead, a bookkeeper calculates monthly profit as sales revenue minus expenses. Prices are based on rough estimates of cost of direct material and direct labour inputs plus a 50% markup. With the decline in profit and constant pressure on prices, Michael began to feel uneasy about the way costs and profits were calculated. The results for the month just ended were: Additional Information: There was virtually no beginning inventory of raw material, work in process and finished goods. At the end of the month, 10% of the materials purchased remained on hand, work in process amounted to 20% of the manufacturing costs incurred during the month, and finished goods inventories were negligible. The factory occupies 80% of the premises, the sales area 15% and administration 5%. Most of the equipment is used for manufacturing, with only 5% of the book value being used for sales and administrative functions. Almost all of the electricity is consumed in the factory. The truck is used to deliver finished goods to customers. Michael Hall spends about one-half of his time on factory management, one-third in the sales area and the rest on administration. Required: Michael Hall asks you to review the results for the month and evaluate the company’s approach to estimating product cost. In doing so, you should: 1. Comment on the cost classifications used in CTC’s income statement. 2. Estimate the cost of goods manufactured and sold. 3. Prepare a revised income statement for the month. 4. Explain the differences between your income statement and the one above. 5. If possible, suggest a more useful format for analysing costs than that used in your revised income statement. 6. Evaluate the usefulness of product costs based on direct materials and direct labour. 7. Make recommendations for changes.

How to Write a College Application Essay Guidelines and Advices - Paperell.com

How to Write a College Application Essay Guidelines and Advices How to Write a College Application Essay: Guidelines and Advices Admission to college or university involves writing an application essay. In most cases, a correctly designed motivation letter is 50% of the entrance to the educational institute of your dreams. That’s why you should not take writing it lightly.A college application essay outline (motivation letter) is a text on 1-2 pages, where the candidate describes his/her interests (academic), experience, goals, life position, and achievements. This paper format can tell a lot about the author.First, the selection committee will be able to get an idea about the personality of the candidate, his/her ability to think critically, and to analyze the situation.Second, the ability of the candidateto   logically, coherently and grammatically correctly expresses his/her thoughts in writing.You should agree! Based on a college application essay, you can draw certain conclusions about the candidate who dreams about a diploma from a world reknown university – that’s why you need to write this paper perfectly.What Is The Goal Of This Paper?The main purpose of the college application essay format is to convince members of the admissions committee you are the most suitable candidate and should give preference to you. With the help of an outline, you establish communication with the members of the admission committee. To be successful, you should:Know what the audience expects from you;Know what you want from the learning process in college;Be able to tell about unique qualities that make you special.Main Steps For Writing A Flawless Admission Essay For CollegeYou can download templates of a motivation letter in English and write your letter in their image and likeness, or even buy an essay for college. But, it will be more reliable if you try, guided by general recommendations to write your personal text.If you do not know how to start a college application essay, learn the formats:Not structured. You can freely express your goals, objectives, and describe your e xperience, personal qualities, and achievements.A form of answers to questions. Such a paper, as a rule, is written by candidates who apply for MBA programs. In this case, the motivation letter will consist of short essay-answers to certain questions. It looks like an autobiographical paper.The introduction part of your motivation letter should include information about your attitude to the subject, and here it is important to answer the following questions:Why do you want to study this subject?How did you prove your desire to study this subject?What other aspects of academic life do you find interesting (for example, in other disciplines)?In the next part of writing a college application essay, write with a perspective for the future. You, like every student, start your education with a bachelor’s degree. But there is a possibility that you continue your studies in a master’s or graduate school. If you continue your education by enrolling in graduate school, which dir ection will you choose? That’s what you need to talk about. It is important to be specific and talk about the direction of your studies, even if this is a highly specialized area, you need to demonstrate your maximum awareness.Having completed the part of the letter devoted to the argument/problem/situation. Show your potential in other aspects that are not related to the subject you have chosen, both in the academic sense and in general. In this part, it is necessary to write about your school achievements. For example, about reading and writing, awards, etc. Tell about your extracurricular activities in detail, describing your achievements and talents, talk about plans for the future. How do you see your career and whether you are going to take an academic vacation? How much do your plans correspond to the university course you have chosen?Helpful Tips That Will Make Your Admission Paper IdealIf you are not sure how to write a college application essay and make it perfect, just follow these tips:Show the most interesting facts at the beginning of the letter – guarantee that the letter will be read to the end.Ask for help if you need it! Only a flawless paper can guarantee your success and that is why, when writing you can benefit from using our reliable college application writing service. It will increase your chances to be accepted.Facts should be logically and accurately arranged in such a way that the reader can see your development in both personal and professional spheres.Divide the text into paragraphs. Use word-bundles to move from one paragraph to another, make each paragraph of your letter a mini-story with a string, culmination, and a logical outcome.It is always smart to prepare an essay outline for college before you start writing.Start the introduction to make the admission officer read your letter till the end. Make it interesting: use quotes, a description of an event from life, an unusual fact, tell about unique ideas and add p ersonal information. Use a hook to grab the readers’ attention.A conclusion is an equally important part of the letter. The conclusion should leave a positive impression on the admission officer of what has been read. In conclusion, you do not need to summarize each paragraph, but you can present the problems proposed in the letter from a different angle, link them to more global problems, or focus on your goals and motivation.Edit the letter in several stages. First, just write the text, after a day or two, proofread it and look for grammatical and spelling mistakes. For this, you can use an application essay writing service to check all mistakes.Try to avoid clichà ©s and overused words (totally, awesome, etc.), not bearing any information phrases.An admission paper should in no case turn into a resume, it should supplement information to the selection committee about you, and not give them the same information that they can read in the summary.Choose your topic wisely! Av oid dangerous ambiguous topics, refrain from presenting thoughts on politics or religion, especially if your point of view is too different from an ordinarily accepted one.Use simple words and expressions, do not complicate the reader’s perception of the text, and most importantly – do not write too much, no one will read about you a novel in three volumes.

Overview of TMV essays

Overview of TMV essays The tobacco mosaic virus, or as it is usually referred to, TMV, is a common pathogen of many crops including bean, tobacco, and tomato. The virus is known to produce systematic infections in its hosts by spreading throughout the organism from the initial site of entry (usually an injury) via the vascular tissues. In the case of the tomato plant, it does its damage by causing numerous small lesions to form on the surface of an infected plant leaves, thereby interfering with the organisms photosynthetic mechanisms. All multi-cellular organisms will attempt to resist a pathogen with some form of immune response. When exposed, organisms can quickly produce natural resistance compounds and antibiotic-like compounds. Depending on the degree of exposure, the age, and general health of the organism, it will either produce a weak response and fail to prevent the disease from spreading, or it will produce a strong response and develop what is known as Systematic Acquired Resistance, or SAR. Researchers believe that SAR creates a generalized barrier against the invading disease that essentially immunizes the plant against it. There are two methods used to develop SAR in plants. The first is by deliberate weak exposure of a pathogen, which works in the same fashion as the animal immune system. Inducing a small amount of a virus such as TMV to the lower leaves of tomato plants can cause the remainder of the plant to become immune to further infection. This is referred to as the traditional vaccination method. An excellent example that you can all relate to that demonstrates this property is the chicken pox vaccine, which exposes a person to a small amount of the virus. The body can fight off this weakened form and become resistant to it. If this person were to then be exposed to a full strain of the virus, the body would be able to instantly recognize it, and destroy the virus. ...

Use French to Talk About the Tour de France

Use French to Talk About the Tour de France Whether you love cycling or just watching competitions like the Tour de France, youll want to learn some French cycling terminology. Here are the top French cycling-related nouns, verbs, and idiomatic expressions. Essential Tour Terms le cyclisme:  cycling, biking Le Tour de France:  the Tour de France (literally, tour of France)Note that tour  is one of those French nouns with two genders.  Le tour  means the tour.  La tour means the tower. Using the wrong gender, in this case, could cause confusion. La Grande Boucle:  The Big Loop (French nickname for the  Tour de France) Vive la France!  :Go France!  Yay France! Hurray for France (roughly)   People and Riders un autobus: a group that rides together to finish within the time allottedun commissaire:  referee who travels by carun coureur:  rider, cyclistun cycliste:  rider, cyclistun directeur sportif:  managerun domestique:  support riderun à ©chappà ©:  breakawayune à ©quipe:  teamun grimpeur:  climberun grupeto:  same as autobusun peloton:  pack, bunchun poursuivant:  chaserun rouleur:  smooth and steady riderun soigneur:  riders assistantun sprinteur:  sprinterla tà ªte de course:  leader Cycling Styles    bloc:  riding all out, as hard and fast as possiblela cadence: pedaling rhythmchasse patate:  riding between two groups (literally, potato hunt)la danseuse:  standing up Equipment un bidon:  water bottleun casque:  helmetune crevaison:  flat, punctureun dossard:  number on riders uniformun maillot:  jerseyune musette:  feed bagun pneu:  tireun pneu crevà ©:  flat tireune roue:  wheelun và ©lo de course:  racing bikeune voiture balai:  broom wagon Tracks and Courses une borne kilomà ©trique:  milestone (literally, a kilometer marker)un col:  mountain passune cà ´te:  hill, slopeune course:  raceune course par à ©tapes:  stage raceune descente:  downward slopeune à ©tape:  stage, legla flamme rouge:  red marker at one kilometer from finishhors catà ©gorie:  beyond classification (extremely difficult)une montagne:  mountainune montà ©e:  upward slopeun parcours:  route, courseune plaine:  plains, flat landune piste:  trackune route:  road Standings and Scoring la bonification:  bonus pointsune chute:  fall, crashle classement:  standingscontre la montre:  time trialla lanterne rouge:  last riderle maillot pois:  polka dot jersey (worn by best climber)le maillot blanc:  white jersey (worn by the best rider under 25)le maillot jaune:  yellow jersey (worn by the overall leader)le maillot vert:  green jersey (worn by points leader / best sprinter) Cycling Verbs accà ©là ©rer:  to acceleratesaccrocher :  to cling, hang on toattaquer:  to attack, charge  aheadchanger dallure:  to change pacechanger de vitesse:  to shift gearscourir:  to ridedà ©passer:  to overtakedà ©raper:  to slip, skids à ©chapper:  to break awaygrimper:  to climbprendre la tà ªte:  Ã‚  to take the leadralentir: to slow downrouler:  Ã‚  to ride

How may genetic and epigenetic phenomena influence cardiovascular risk Essay - 1

How may genetic and epigenetic phenomena influence cardiovascular risk by altering the pathophysiology of plasma lipoproteins - Essay Example An important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases is dyslipidemia, whereby the plasma concentrations of different lipoprotein fractions, in particular, HDL and LDL, are deviated from the norm (Hegele, 2009, p. 111). Since approximately half of the variations in the plasma levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol are heritable (Kathiresan, et al., 2008, p. 1241), it is postulated that genetic influences play a significant role in the determination of plasma lipoprotein levels, especially HDL and LDL, which in turn are strongly correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease and outcomes. Similarly, recent literature has also unveiled several epigenetic mechanisms whereby concentrations of different lipoproteins are altered. This paper discusses the relationship between the levels of different lipoproteins found in the human bloodstream and the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the focus of this paper is to elucidate how genetic and epigenetic phenomena infl uence cardiovascular risk by altering the pathophysiology of plasma lipoproteins. The relationship between plasma lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular diseases: As discussed previously, CVDs are the leading preventable cause of death globally. It has been found that these diseases account for approximately 50% of the deaths in the developed world and are the most common cause of death in both developed and underdeveloped countries (Ebesunun, Agbedana, Taylor, & Oladapo, 2008, p. 282). In the United States alone, cardiovascular diseases have been shown to claim almost 1 million lives each year (Eichner, Dunn, Perveen, Thompson, Stewart, & Stroehla, 2002, p. 490). The domain of cardiovascular diseases encompasses various ailments such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and peripheral arterial disease (Brunzell, et al., 2008, p. 811; Eichner, Dunn, Perveen, Thompson, Stewart, & Stroehla, 2002, p. 490). There are severa l established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, both modifiable and non-modifiable, including and not limited to age, sex, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, obesity (in particular, central obesity) and dyslipidemia (Rizzo & Berneis, 2006, p. 1; Ordovas, 2009, p. 1509). Dyslipidemia, which is defined as an alteration in the plasma levels of lipids and lipoproteins, is an important risk factor for CVD (Hegele, 2009, p. 111). Lipoproteins are transporter macromolecules that are present in the human bloodstream and tend to serve the function of transporting insoluble plasma lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream (Hegele, 2009, p. 109). There are several different types of lipoproteins present in the plasma, which have been classified according to their density, particle size and the substances that they transport (Hegele, 2009, p. 110). Several studies have revealed that the most important determinants of cardiovascular risk are the levels of two impor tant lipoproteins, viz. HDL and LDL and alterations in the levels of these lipoproteins can lead to several pathologies. While elevated LDL is found to increase CVD risk, elevated levels of HDL are found to confer protection against the likelihood of developing CVD. For example, it has been found that a 1mmol/l reduction in the plasma levels of LDL cholesterol leads to a 21% decline in the risk for

Evaluating Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evaluating Contracts - Essay Example ract on the other hand is one whereby the government compensates the contractor for the total admissible costs that are incurred during the implementation of the contract. Such contracts are normally used for purposes of study as well as progression, especially with non-profit corporations. The contractor stands to gain nothing in this kind of contract (Shealey, 1938). Fixed price contracts have both advantages and disadvantages for the supplier. For the service provider, the contract means he or she is able to tell how much they are to be reimbursed for their services. The contractor does not have to be concerned about the changing elements or quibble with the customer about the cost of materials. Elements as well as prices are set prior to the commencement of the job. Another benefit is that, while the contractor risks facing costs that higher than anticipated, it also is not compulsory for it to miscue savings if the costs prove otherwise. Dealing with such contracts enables the purveyor gain a lot of practical experience with the sort of contracts that potential clientele e.g. the government would prefer. A disadvantage with these agreements is that a lot of the financial risk is placed on the service provider than the client. After the pact has been put in place with a steady permanent price, the client is under no obligation to cover or pay higher costs. A cost reimbursement agreement has its perks and pitfalls as well. These contracts are time and again used when long term worth is of greater vitality than cost. As opposed to the fixed price contract, here, the service provider has very little reason to cut edges. The end cost could be less than the fixed price contract since the contractor is not gratified to inflate prices so as to cover hazards. Conversely, the contract does not provide sufficient certainty as to what the final cost will be. There is not as much of incentive as there is in the other type of agreement. Additional management and oversight

Skill Plan - Management Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skill Plan - Management Skills - Assignment Example Nonetheless, I have understanding that these goals are highly achievable, though not without required level of skills and competencies. Moreover, in order to facilitate achievement of these objectives there is need to develop a plan that can facilitate acquisition of complementary skills. Therefore, this paper will focus on discussing an outline of five-year skills development plan that can assist in fulfillment of my vision for my career or professional life. 2. Skills and Competencies Required to Fulfill this Vision Some of the skills and competencies that are required in order to fulfill this vision are determined through realization and identification of objectives involved Furthermore, I should focus on creasing self-awareness, which will serve as a pertinent element in good management and leadership in the future. In this case, I have to spend significant amount of time in acquiring experience in the field of business and fashion design. Most significant way of acquiring requir ed competence concern developing of substantial foundation of knowledge by understanding of basics from my degree program. Therefore, this competence will facilitate increase of ability to cope with rapidly changing business environment. Conversely, I will consider increased need for integration of business and advanced technology in order to increase efficiency in decision-making. Apparently, I find it necessary to have increased competence in application of technology in order to form a basis of developing competitive advantage in my future business. On the other hand, in order to achieve set objectives, there is need to develop significant understanding of required interpersonal skills (Johnson, 1999). In this case, interpersonal skills will assist in with dealing business associates and employees in order to facilitate successes. In fact, I have understanding that interpersonal skills that I will require as a manager include effective communication, listening, non-verbal skills (Eunson, 2008). Besides, these skills have a significant contribution to management of business in order to facilitate its success. I will also seek to develop other interpersonal skills that will enable formation and management of teams and groups that can facilitate effective implementation of business strategies (Honey, 2001). Moreover, some of the other relevant skills that will require for succeed include; time management, setting of objectives, decision-making, conflict management and effective negotiating (Thompson, 2001). For instance, after acquiring these interpersonal skills, I will have ability to resolve conflicts that would occur within the organization or with other business partners (Bolton, 1998). In addition, negotiation skills can also assist sealing significant deal with business associated that will improve performance of my business (Thompson, 2001). 3. Evaluation of Proficiency in these other skills and competences at the present time, and summary of progress made on your nominated skill this semester My interpersonal skills and individual’s awareness are the starting points required for management and leadership in a team. In order to realize the effort made towards achievement of set objectives, there is need for an evaluation of proficiency concerning the skills and competencies now, thereby giving summary of progress. Now, I have realized the significance of ensuring that I am up to date with relevant information regarding my field of study. I have been

MONEY AND BANKING ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MONEY AND BANKING ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Besides, they also purchase and sell bonds. Macesich (2000) argues further that money plays a vital role in the economic activities since it virtually makes economic transaction possible. When the supply of cash is higher in the economy, consumers tend to have more money. This in turn encourages spending. On the other hand firms or businesses or ventures respond by increasing either raw materials or production. Because business activities tend to be spread, the demand for labor as well as capital goods increases. Increase in expansion of money supply consequently results into increase in prices more so if the growth of output approaches the limited capacity. At this stage, consumers begin anticipating inflation. However, lenders begin aggravating for higher interest rates to balance the anticipated reduction in the purchasing power while offsetting the loans. The converse is true when money supply subsidizes or the growth rate declines. For instant, Federal Reserve policy plays a crucial role in determining money supply. It d oes so by influencing its deposits in the bank. They do this by mandating commercial banks to hold part of the deposits that they accept. These institutions comply by either holding cash in the vaults or holding deposits that they make at the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve in turn manipulates their reserve by lending cash to banks and changing the discount rate on loans. Therefore, when the supply of money in the economy is high, despite the interest rate target, the central banks tend to device mechanism that are aimed at limiting cash flow in the economy. When this is done, the demand for cash that is apparently at the bank reserves increases. This increase in the demand compels the central banks to stop holding money in the reserves. Central banks encounter a challenge of policy enforcement in the domestic banking system

Final Project Of Zirconium oxide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Project Of Zirconium oxide - Research Paper Example The flow chart shown below shows the process of Zirconium oxide production. The main raw material in the production of the nuclear-grade zirconium oxide is the zircon mineral (ZrSiO4) naturally occurring as zirconium sand. The zirconium sand consists of zirconium and hafnium whose properties are almost similar. Special separation techniques of precipitation, filtration and calcination are applied to separate the two products (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The production of zirconium oxide is broken down into three simple steps; extraction of zirconium sand, removal of wastes (including hafnium) and conversion of the resulting compound into the finished product (zirconium oxide free from hafnium). The separation of zirconium and hafnium occurs at temperature ranges of 650-700 degree Celsius (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The zirconium sand is mixed with K2SiF6. This converts the metal into K2ZrF6 which is soluble in water and K2HfF6. A sequential process of crystallization eliminates hafnium. The process results into pure form of K2ZrF6 which is ammonized to produce zirconium oxide. The production of 1kg of zirconia requires 0.7 kg of the zirconium metal that has to be extracted from the zirconium sand (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The by-products obtained from the process of zirconia extraction are washed away in water to the sea. These elements are not harmful to the environment. The other byproducts are sold for utilization in other industries like the refineries of magnesium. The final stage of zirconium oxidation into zirconia requires the use of steam. This is carried out at high temperatures (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The oxidation process is exothermic and yields substantial amounts of hydrogen. The equation for oxidation of zirconium is as shown. The production of zirconia utilizes energy in many forms. Electricity is used to heat up the reactors where separation of zirconium

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 53

Assignment Example Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis: Andreas was initially sent as expatriate to New York branch to work as corporate banking manager but on arrival is shocked to know that the only position available is in the credit department. Later he is promoted to managerial cadre after working for few years. But the problem arises when his wife expresses her desire to go back to Germany in view of her children’s education and to look after her parents. Upon this when Andreas addresses his problems and requests repatriation, the organization expresses its inability to provide similar position initially but after few months offers job which is comparatively lower to the present job executed by Andreas giving a big jolt to his expectations. Decision: Andreas was wise enough to accept the international assignment because it promised higher salary and better position. But the management’s decision of going back on its promises and not providing competitive position on repatriation hurts any hardworking employee. Now Andreas is in dilemma whether to go back to Germany so that he can stay with his family and accept the position awarded by the headquarters or to stay back and work in the same level. Action Plan: Basing on the current situation, it is advised that Andreas leave the job and go back to Germany to look after his parents and also for the better future of his children. Or he could wait for the recession to disappear completely and then ask for repatriation in the parent company. It is not a big deal for Andreas to find a new competitive job with similar salary in other organization and this could be easily possible with his experience which he gained while working in New

Final Project Of Zirconium oxide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Project Of Zirconium oxide - Research Paper Example The flow chart shown below shows the process of Zirconium oxide production. The main raw material in the production of the nuclear-grade zirconium oxide is the zircon mineral (ZrSiO4) naturally occurring as zirconium sand. The zirconium sand consists of zirconium and hafnium whose properties are almost similar. Special separation techniques of precipitation, filtration and calcination are applied to separate the two products (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The production of zirconium oxide is broken down into three simple steps; extraction of zirconium sand, removal of wastes (including hafnium) and conversion of the resulting compound into the finished product (zirconium oxide free from hafnium). The separation of zirconium and hafnium occurs at temperature ranges of 650-700 degree Celsius (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The zirconium sand is mixed with K2SiF6. This converts the metal into K2ZrF6 which is soluble in water and K2HfF6. A sequential process of crystallization eliminates hafnium. The process results into pure form of K2ZrF6 which is ammonized to produce zirconium oxide. The production of 1kg of zirconia requires 0.7 kg of the zirconium metal that has to be extracted from the zirconium sand (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The by-products obtained from the process of zirconia extraction are washed away in water to the sea. These elements are not harmful to the environment. The other byproducts are sold for utilization in other industries like the refineries of magnesium. The final stage of zirconium oxidation into zirconia requires the use of steam. This is carried out at high temperatures (Dhanaraj & Govindhan 444). The oxidation process is exothermic and yields substantial amounts of hydrogen. The equation for oxidation of zirconium is as shown. The production of zirconia utilizes energy in many forms. Electricity is used to heat up the reactors where separation of zirconium

Hazardous Material Management and Hazard Communication Essay - 14

Hazardous Material Management and Hazard Communication - Essay Example Whereas when yellow is used in the background color it is an indication of warning signs and school signs. And at the same time orange is used in background to indicate construction and maintenance warnings. However, where orange is used in the warning signs  fluorescent red- orange or fluorescent yellow-orange colors  may be used (Osha.gov, 2015). This is because these shades of orange provide higher conspicuity than the standard shade of orange especially at twilight (Osha.gov, 2015). Conclusively it can be said that these colors also have an automatic indication in the minds of the people. Red color immediately catches attention and indicates that something is wrong (Osha.gov, 2015). Yellow on the other hand is a light color and is also used in a similar way, guiding people who are on their way to school and ignored by others (Osha.gov, 2015). Whereas orange also helps in grabbing attention but does not alerts the audience, however indicates that the service is currently not available due to construction or maintenance in progress (Osha.gov,

History, Settlement Essay Example for Free

History, Settlement Essay As a city, Anchorage did not develop until relatively recently in American history. In fact, it was not incorporated until 1923. People had been living in Anchorage for many years before this, however. Like most of America, the area around Anchorage, Alaska was first populated as a trading post, due to the coastal waterways surrounding Anchorage. It was first populated as Captain Cook in 1778 was looking for the elusive Northwest Passage. The land upon which Anchorage stands was discovered on Captain Cook’s third attempt to find the Northwest Passage, and one of the arms of the inlet he mistook as a river, which he named River Turnagain. Later, George Vancouver renamed the inlet Turnagain Arm (Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, 2005). The Russians also heavily explored the area and setup trading posts throughout the area. The second factor for the location of Anchorage is the discovery of gold. In 1888, gold was discovered in the region, causing the Alaskan Gold Rush and bringing thousands of Americans to the area to find their fame and fortune. One of the most famous gold rush settlements was James Girdwood’s stake 40 miles south of Anchorage at the Crow Creek Mine. In 1912, Alaska became an official territory of the United States. The third reason for the present day location of Anchorage was the construction of the Alaskan Railroad. Anchorage was founded when the United States Congress commissioned the first railroad funded by the government and constructed across the Alaskan lands. In 1915 the route was established, and 2000 Americans flooded to the Ship Creek Valley to begin work on the railroad. On July 9, 1915 president Woodrow Wilson initiated the â€Å"Great Anchorage Lot Sale† where the first 600 plots of land in Anchorage were sold. Businesses spread along 4th avenue, and a school was built, thus creating the first metropolitan area of Anchorage (Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, 2005). In 1923, the Alaskan railway was finished, from Seward to Fairbanks, passing through Anchorage. The fourth reason Anchorage stands where it does today is because of the event of WWII and the threat of the Japanese and Russians. Anchorage and Alaska are strategically located close to Russia and Japan. In 1947 the government begins development of the Fort Richardson Army Post and the Elmendorf Air Force Base. During WWII, Alaska experienced a sharp growth in infrastructure and population during those years. Finally, the discovery of oil in Alaska in 1968 caused the most recent boom in Anchorage’s growth. In 1974 construction began on the trans-Alaska pipeline system, resulting in a modern day boom as the construction and engineering companies setup headquarters in Anchorage. Regional Context Anchorage is located in Southeast Alaska (see map below). It is bordered by the Chugach Mountains and glaciers to the east, the west and northwest by branches of Cook’s Inlet (the farthest north the Pacific Ocean reaches), Mount McKinley to the North, and the Kenai Peninsula to the south. There are over 40 active volcanoes to the Southwest of Anchorage, and the entire area is mountainous. In fact, in 1990, Mount Redoubt erupted, covering Anchorage in a 2 inch layer of volcanic ash (Anchorage Chamber of Commerce, 2005). Overall, the area of Anchorage is larger than Rhode Island.

Is Obamas Strategic Nuclear Arms Control Policy Sound Politics Essay

Is Obamas Strategic Nuclear Arms Control Policy Sound Politics Essay Since the day Hiroshima and Nagasaki were hit by the first and only nuclear bomb to ever be used in the world history, world countries understood the evil implications of such weapons. From that moment, nations have been trying to sustain the stability of those mass destruction weapons through organizations, treaties, systems, etc. that have dated back to 1946. One of the most influential people who work hard with regards to solving such problems is President Barak Obama. Obama has been working on this issue since he took over presidency due to the serious problems between the U.S. and Russia regarding this subject from the times of President Bush. Nevertheless, Obamas real motivation came when North Koreas launched a long-range rocket that could be used as a missile. Therefore he gave a speech in Prague calling for a nuclear-free world. President Obama pledged that the U.S. will reduce its nuclear stocks within the next four years. Moreover, he assured the public that the U.S. will also strengthen the nuclear nonproliferation treaty, and penalize any countries that attempt to violate the rules or laws established in the treaty. This is why, in the year of 2010, a year from his speech, President Obamas administration settled particular standards. Thus the Nuclear Posture Review was released, in which the objectives that President Obama wanted to fulfill were met. President Obama identified the Nuclear Posture Review as a method that will prohibit nuclear proliferation, prevent the use and distribution of nuclear arms, and reduce the possibility of the formation of nuclear terrorism. Nonetheless, the Nuclear Posture Review was considered very controversial worldwide. Even though the U.S, one of the worlds superpowers, issued the review, it was being opposed by many nations that believed it to be a utopian dream that will never be realized. In this essay, I am going to be discussing the negative effects that nuclear proliferation has on society. Also, I am going to examine the efforts President Obama exerted towards seeking a solution for this matter. In addition to that, I will note all the progress President Obama accomplished throughout his campaign, and all the barriers he had to overcome to reach where we are at now. On the other hand, I will mention how the world reacted to such a policy and whether or not they decided to adopt it. Finally, I will be discussing whether or not this arm control policy is sound and sufficient. Introduction: Nuclear proliferation is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons. There are two types of proliferations. The first is vertical proliferation, which refers to the increase in the number of stockpiles of nuclear weapons, improving the technical sophistication or reliability of weapons, or developing new weapons through research programs in states that already possess nuclear weaponry. The second type of proliferation is horizontal proliferation, which refers to nation-states or non-state entities that do not have proliferation system, but are acquiring nuclear weapons or developing the capability and materials for producing nuclear weapons through research programs. After the First atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, world countries knew that a divinely dreadful power was unleashed. Therefore, countries started to cooperate together, to place restrain orders on nuclear weapons and on the nations who posses them. As early as 1946, the organization now known as the International Atomic Energy Agency was established to limit the use of nuclear energy to peaceful purposes only. However, the effort to constrain nuclear arms has been a rather slow progress throughout the 1960s; the period of the cold war between the U.S. and Soviet Union. During the cold war people lived with the knowledge that their world could be erased in a single flash of light by a nuclear war. However, we are now in the 21st century, and the cold war has come to an end. Nevertheless, the risk of a nuclear attack has gone up since thousands of the weapons used back then still didnt disappear. Also, more and more nations have acquired those weapons, and have the knowledge to build even more nuclear bombs. Hence, although there is an existing global non-proliferation regime, many nations still violate the rules. Also, the fact that terrorist nowadays want to buy, build, or steal those weapons is affecting the security of the nation and peace of the world, and in return, affecting the world high politics. President Obama understands that these weapons are the ultimate tools of destruction. For no matter were an explosion occurs there is no end to its consequences. Since the U.S. is the only nuclear power to have ever used a nuclear weapon, President Obama believes that his country has a moral obligation to act upon and stop this phenomenon. He wants nations to join together and work towards a world without nuclear proliferation. To do so, he is leading a regime that aims for peace and security in our world! This strategy needs patience, persistence, and commitment to become a reality. Thus, President Obamas commitment is seen; I am standing for the right of people everywhere to live free from fear (YouTube Contributors, 2009). Chapter One: President Obama Calls for Reduction in Nuclear Arms On Sunday April 5th 2009, in Prague, President Obama launched an effort that would aid the world to make nuclear weapons obsolete, calling them the most dangerous legacies of the Cold War (YouTube Contributors, 2009). In his speech, Obama considered this strategy the aim of the 21st century. Thus, he urged nations to get rid of their nuclear weapons and stop researching and developing new types of nuclear weapons and means of warhead delivery. He also encouraged an end to Cold War thinking and promised to reduce the nuclear stocks in U.S. within the next four years. The choice of Prague for such a speech carried strong symbolism, and President Obama didnt ignore it. Decades of communism were toppled in Czechoslovakia through the 1989 Velvet Revolution. Thus, President Obama praised the Czechs for helping bring down a nuclear-armed empire without firing a shot. President Obamas speech was mainly driven by North Koreas launching of a long-range rocket in defiance to the international community, which took place earlier that day. Since the launching process was widely condemned by the U.S. and international officials. During his speech, President Obama targeted his comments at one point directly at North Korea, and declared that North Korea broke the rules by testing a rocket that could be used as a long-range missile. Such a launch emphasizes the urgency of the denuclearization agenda. Hence, President Obama pledged to work with partners for the denuclearization of North Korea at a summit with leaders of the European Union in which President Obama called for a swift and joint statement condemning North Koreas actions. Moreover, President Obama addressed another potential nuclear issue in his speech. He warned Iran and presented it with a clear choice to join in the community of nations and earn its right to peaceful nuclear energy, on the condition that it ceases its nuclear and ballistic missile activity. Otherwise, it may continue to refuse to meet its international obligations and face increased isolation. He also mentioned that the U.S. would proceed with development of a missile defense system in Europe as long as there is an Iranian threat of developing nuclear weapons. Once that threat is removed, he promised that the driving force for missile defense in Europe would be removed. However, this issue remains a very sore point between Russia and the U.S. since they are not in full agreement on what to do about the existing nuclear weapons in North Korea and the potential nuclear weapons in Iran, especially since Russia is being lenient with Irans nuclear program. On the other hand, President Obama coupled his call for a nuclear-free world with an assurance that the U.S. would not individually give up its nuclear weapons. President Obama also outlined several concrete steps toward a nuclear-free world. One of which was ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban on testing nuclear weapons, which the U.S. would aggressively seek, and called for a global effort to secure nuclear material. He also noted that the U.S. would host a summit within the next year on reducing and eventually eliminating nuclear weapons! However, The U.S. would still need major help form all the nations worldwide to reach such goal. Additionally, President Obama reinforced his speech by mentioning that he signed an agreement to begin negotiating in Moscow, a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty to reduce warheads and stockpiles with his Russian counterpart, President Dmitry Medvedev. The treaty, which will take place at the end of the year, aims for cutting their respective nuclear arsenals to 1,500 each. President Obama also discussed the solutions that will include preventing the production of more nuclear weapons, and seeking a new treaty. Such a treaty will terminate the manufacturing of fissile materials used in nuclear arms, thus diminishing the purpose of nuclear arms in the American national security strategy, negotiating a new international treaty, and strengthening the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. President Obama promised that the U.S. would seek strengthening the nuclear nonproliferation treaty by providing more resources and authority for international inspections and mandating. Since, any country that would violate the rules of the treaty would face real and immediate consequences, including automatic referral to the UN Security Council. At the end of his speech, President Obama addressed people who argue that the spread of these weapons cannot be stopped, and that human-kind are destined to live in a world where more nations and people possess the ultimate tools of destruction, stating that Such fatalism is a deadly adversary. For if we believe that the spread of nuclear weapons is inevitable, then we are admitting to ourselves that the use of nuclear weapons is inevitable (YouTube Contributors, 2009). Chapter Two: President Obamas Nuclear Posture Review Former government officials, nuclear weapons experts, and leaders of arms control organizations representing more than one million Americans have sent a letter to the President, urging him to fulfill his April 2009 pledge to put an end to Cold War thinking and reduce the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy (YouTube Contributors, 2009). In the letter sent to the White House on February 1sr 2010, the group called on the president to ensure that the new policy advances the highest security priorities, such as preventing terrorists or additional states from obtaining nuclear weapons, reducing global stockpiles, and moving toward a world without nuclear weapons. However, in 2010, a year from his speech, and after much internal wrangling, President Obamas administration has settled on a clever and well-prepared standard, thus releasing the Nuclear Posture Review, which is a legislatively mandated review that determines U.S. nuclear strategy, policy, force posture, and capabilities for the next few years. It is consisted of 72 pages that review the program, and help the public understand some of its finer points and details. The review has policies that meet the objectives President Obama wants to accomplish. Thus it is consistent with President Obamas commitment to listen, learn and lead. Additionally, The Nuclear Posture Review also explains how the United States will sustain a safe, secure and effective nuclear deterrent for the United States and its allies as long as nuclear weapons exist. While the Nuclear Posture Review was meant to inform the debate on NATO nuclear policy, it does not explicitly address the subject. In fact, the Nuclear Posture Review states, any changes in NATOs nuclear posture should only be taken after a thorough review within and decision by the Alliance. The United States is considering basing the future of nuclear arms in Europe, and is committed to making the majority of their decisions through the use of the NATO processes. Nevertheless, the  Nuclear Posture Review states that the U.S. is now set to reinforce its long-standing negative security assurance by implying that the U.S. would not use or threaten to use nuclear arms against nations that lack nuclear weapons, and non-nuclear weapons nations that are part of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and are obedient to their nuclear non-proliferation obligations, which they have remained in compliance with. Thus, this studied declaration is intended to highlight the security benefits of fully adhering and complying with the NPT and encourage non-nuclear weapon states party to the Treaty to cooperate with the U.S. other interested parties to adopt applicable measures to strengthen the non-proliferation regime. However, The U.S. has the right and will only consider attacking or threatening a country if it develops significant chemical, biological, or conventional weapons that pose a threat to the U.S. or its allies. This part of the treaty actually assures other countries that they should always be inferior to the U.S. militarily and returns everyone to square of the arms race among countries. The  Nuclear Posture Review also leads to the removal of an entire class of nuclear weapons distribution systems The Nuclear-Armed Tomahawk from the arsenal. And called for further Russian and American nuclear arms reductions. On the other hand, President Obama identifies the Nuclear Posture Review as a method that prohibits the use of nuclear proliferation, and nuclear arms, and reduces the potential of the acquisition of nuclear weapons or the materials and knowledge by individuals or non-state entities, often termed terrorists, to produce nuclear weapons. Stating that the latter point is the most urgent priority, especially that the technology needed to construct a nuclear weapon has been known, and is being rabidly spread between nations. Thus, terrorists could build their own nuclear weaponry, which would threaten global safety and well-being. All in all, President Obamas new review restricts the role of nuclear weapons in the U.S. security strategy, and shifts both the U.S. and Russia towards a more stable strategic connection at lower levels of nuclear arms. The review is framed to support action for the immediate next steps with regards to a world without nuclear weapons, which were outlined in his Prague speech; the strengthening of the NPT, the entry by force of the CTBT, the accelerated action in order to secure nuclear weapons-usable material, and the conclusion of a new strategic weaponry treaty. Chapter Three: International Responses Domestically, the concept of the Russian and U.S. post-Strategic Arms Reduction Talks to decrease the number of launchers in both countries to 1500 each, were rather refuted by U.S. officials. Particularly because it was a smart move from Russias side, that is unfair to the U.S. Especially because the Russian Launchers will drop significantly within 8-9 years from 680 launchers to 270 launchers, simply as a result of aging and expiring of the system! Therefore, military leaders stated that President Obama should be very careful about moving towards a low launcher numbers strategy because it would provide major advantages for the Russian Federation, but major disadvantages for U.S. strategy. Some experts believe that it is possible to completely eradicate nuclear weapons, and such a program that will drastically cut the worlds negative atomic arsenal carries support from scientists worldwide. Also, a recent examination that conducted by researchers from all around the world was issued as a special of  The Nonproliferation Review on key foreign governments responses to the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review, proved that contrary to the popular belief, President Obamas policy considerably influenced a number of countries nuclear diplomatic doctrines, and produced significant progress toward a safer nuclear world. An example was Russias nuclear doctrine. Which was revised to allow nuclear options only in the case of which they are used in response to attacks that threaten the existence of their state. Moreover, at last years NATO summit in Lisbon, NATO governments settled to address concern by offering to negotiate with the Russian government for reductions or elimination of sub -strategic nuclear weapons in an upcoming arms-control agreement. Perhaps the primary short-term achievement of President Obamas new policy was that it stopped the erosion of the 2005 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, yet later on suffered an unfortunate hindrance when the international community was unable to reach an agreement that was in favor of the nonproliferation regime. This failure was blamed on the Bush administration by numerous nations. By contrast, at the May 2010 NPT Review Conference, the signatories to the treaty welcomed the reductions announced by some nuclear weapons states, praised new and improved International Atomic Energy Agency safeguard inspection protocols, and underscored the importance of international discussions on multilateral control of sensitive nuclear fuel facilities. One political scientist reported  that this outcome would not have been imaginable if it not for President Obamas open-mindedness regarding the aim towards a nuclear-free world, and the implementation of a nuclear stance that helped US move towards acheiving that objective. On the other Hand, Some overseas governments such as India and China still view the new posture with skepticism, and its statements about nuclear weapons reduction as a mere rhetoric. Accordingly, Chinese officials expressed concerns  that in the future, conventional weaponry enhancements might make the U.S. more likely to threaten China. Moreover, an Indian commentator called  the new U.S. doctrine more posture than review. However, that kind of reaction was only encouraged when U.S. officials strayed from President Obamas declared policy. Also, former President Chilton insisted that future generations would depend on nuclear arms for the survival of the U.S. A phrasing that is deeply inconsistent with President Obamas stated goal. Thus, it is critical that the President Obamas administration maintain high discipline within the military and government bureaucracy concerning this issue. In the run-up to 2010 Senate ratification of New START, President Obamas administration ordered an increases in financial-banking for the nations nuclear laboratories in order for them to preserve the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear arsenal without nuclear testing in the future. This program added integrity to President Obamas frequent declarations that the U.S. requires a nuclear deterrent as long as other states have nuclear weapons. I also think that in order to further enhance the credibility of President Obamas pledge to work towards creating a world free of nuclear arms, the administration should also demand further diminutions in U.S. nuclear arms beyond those enforced by the New START agreement. Conclusion In conclusion, we can see that the world is obviously facing a growing threat from nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism, and President Obama is one of the few influential people that decided to adopt this security dilemma, and attempted to fix it. However, I personally think that this could not be a one-man-show since such a strategy needs to be supported worldwide, especially by countries that posses those weapons. Therefore, nations must recognize that nonproliferation is a two-way street, and that progress can only be achieved by a truly global coalition. Hence, a noticeable success in preventing further nuclear proliferation would require building bonds and links between countries to maximize cooperation. Also, such an aim would take an extended period of time to be realized. Thus making it a long-term goal that countries should join hands to achieve. Hence, I think that in the meantime nations should seek to reduce the numbers of nuclear weapons, yet not eliminate them completely since this gives the U.S. a sense of security; knowing that if invader attacked, they would have sufficient resources to defend themselves. Indeed, every country is opting for peace in the world. However, some might privately have weapons stored, waiting for the right opportunity to exploit first world countries, and be considered a superpower. Hence, the greed and thrive for power is also considered a major barrier in the way of President Obamas strategy. Countries are selfish, and place their own needs and well-being above anything else, thus preventing them from thinking straight and cooperating with others to achieve what is best for global welfare. Finally, it can be noticed that President Obamas Prague speech aimed high, but the Nuclear Posture Review leaves the U.S. nuclear policy at square one. All in all, I think Obamas strategy is not sufficient enough for eliminating nuclear threats since there is no guarantee that countries will want to follow in the footsteps of the U.S. and In order to fully realize the promise of a world without nuclear weapons, President Obama and his team must do more to change outdated Cold War thinking and reduce the U.Ss reliance on nuclear weapons. Nonetheless, we should praise President Obama for his continuous efforts and time spent trying to solve this dilemma. President Obamas strategy is a major step, paving the road to a world without nuclear weapons.

Ken Wolfs Personalities and Problems Essay -- Ken Wolf Personalities

Ken Wolf's Personalities and Problems Ken Wolf, a professor of history at Murray Sate University and author of Personalities and Problems, wrote with the intent to illustrate the varied richness of human history over the past five centuries. He took various personalities such as adventurers, princes, political leaders, and writers and categorized them in a way for readers to draw lines between them to create a clearer view of world history for himself. Beginning each new chapter with a specific question about worldly concerns and disciplines allowed the readers to relate the topics to broader, more general scenarios of their cultures. Answering the questions in essay form gave examples of how certain cultures/ parts of the world dealt with those issues. The answers that pertained to the questions informed readers about many historical figures without drawing a time line for the course of history and simply reiterating information as in a textbook. Wolf's layout of the book created an interesting, clear, and informative s tudy of world civilizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chapter twelve, about Erasmus and Luther, exemplified the interesting, clear, and informative way in which Wolf created his work. Although there are many other examples in Wolf's book as to how these aspects ring true to his purpose, I chose chapter two as only one reason. The question stated: To what extent is it possible to reform an institution from within? What intellectual and personal qualities cause some people to be more radical than others, and what are the implications of such differences in history (p.113).? After reading the essay, one might say that a person could go as far as possible to make something like reforms happen; but people may stand in his/her way. However, if that person is willing to lose or gain anything, such as excommunication from his/her Church or an increase of enemies, then he/she will extend to the distance needed. The essay answer also informed the reader of more general information, not solely facts on Erasmus and Luther. Reade rs learned that intellect and intelligence are not all that bring historical greatness. Personal qualities such as dominance, determination, perseverance, morality and empathy all play a role in making a difference in history. Some of these qualities can make the situation more radical than expected. Although Erasmus and Luther landed on the... ...ter influence on a large number of people than this slim little volume (p.26).?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, Hammurabi, a famous lawgiver, would fascinate me. Hammurabi was a strict ruler who?s Code emphasized retaliation, ?an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth?. I wonder if his approach to lawgiver and ruler was the best for his society at the time. I would like to engage in conversation about his thoughts on his code and if he believed that it was proven to work. I also would like to ask him, why did he base his code on a class system? Did you feel that you opened the doors for women by allowing them to live with another man under certain circumstances? I would also let him know that even though I do not agree with his Code, he set guidelines for future lawmakers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many other characters are important to me; however, these four struck me as very interesting. Questions and reasons for wanting to spend time with them are infinite. The most important question of all for each historical figure in the book Personalities and Problems would be ?what drove them to actually pursue those problems and create such phenomenal solutions, especially when solving the problem would be so difficult

Food and Beverage Packaging Innovation Essay

Beverage giant Coca-Cola wants to get a little love for its iconic cola drink from the upscale consumer set, so its decided to create and test-market a sleek set of contoured aluminum bottles for its flagship Coke brand. Yes, we said aluminum bottles. The Atlanta, Georgia USA-based beverage company chose the annual Consumer Analyst Group of New York conference in the Big Apple last Friday (February 22) to introduce the attractive, new 250-ml soda bottles, which come in red, black and silver aluminum. Thus far, the beverage company is offering its regular Coke, Diet Coke and Coke Zero varieties in the red (pictured at left), black and silver aluminum bottles. A Coca-Cola executive at the conference on Friday said the company is test-marketing the upscale-looking aluminum pop bottles in the U. S. , and wanted to introduce them to the influential consumer analysts group as way to get attention and feedback on the new packaging concept. Coke isn’t doing away with its soda cans or plastic bottles. Rather, its test-marketing the aluminum containers as a new packaging option. The beverage marketer also hopes the new, sleek look will attract more younger consumers who are always looking for the next new thing, along with more higher-income, upscale consumers who are into style. Currently, Coca-Cola isn’t selling its snazzy, aluminum-bottled Coke varieties in retail stores. Rather, they have been introduced thus far in select night clubs and bars, and offered for sale at some special events. The beverage marketer is however selling a version of its fairly new Coca-Cola Blak (pictured at left), a carbonated coffee-cola beverage, in a brown and black colored 250-ml contoured aluminum bottle in France. the aluminum bottle’s color is very similar to the color of the carbonated coffee beverage inside. In 2006, Cocoa-Cola bottled Coke and Diet Coke in similar sleek silver aluminum bottles for its year-long M5 promotion. The bottles, which were made for the beverage marketer by Exal USA, won a number of industry product packaging awards and were grabbed-up by consumers as collectors items. Coke also recently introduced a version of its Caribou brand iced coffee line in small aluminum bottles. And Coca-Cola’s number one competitor in the carbonated soda category, PepsiCo, has introduced a version of its Mountain Dew soda brand in aluminum bottles. Exal USA also produces the current red, black and silver contoured aluminum bottles Coca-Cola is test-marketing in the night clubs and at selected venues, and is thinking about introducing to retail food and beverage stores. Coca-Cola is far from the first U. S. everage company to introduce its drinks in aluminum bottles. In fact, the concept of packaging beverages in aluminum bottles begin taking off in the U. S. about two years ago. Juice marketers, energy drink-type bottlers, beer companies and others began introducing beverage products in aluminum bottles in 2005, and the practice is growing. The trend also is catching on in places like France, Australia and Mexico, where some bottlers are doing the same. In Austral ia, beer brand marketer Fosters recently introduced â€Å"Crown Lager† in attractive gold aluminum bottles. Fosters is now exporting the aluminum-clad lager to the U. S. as well. In Mexico, a new beverage called â€Å"Hot Hangover Tea† is being marketed in silver, red and black aluminum bottles. The tea-based drink is said to cure a hangover in addition to tasting good. Of course, is one is drunk and drops the fairly heavy aluminum bottle on a toe, the cure might be worse than the affliction. French juice company Teisseire is marketing a line of juice cordials in 330-ml aluminum containers in retail food stores, cafes and other venues in France. The bottles have a specially-shaped neck which is designed to make it easy for kids to grip. The bottle’s graphics are colorful and bold against a brushed aluminum background. Teisseire–as do all the other beverage companies–say a key selling point of the aluminum bottles, in addition to the sleek look, is that they chill rapidly. The bottles also are 100% aluminum so are recyclable as well. The beer category in particularly is seeing a mini-explosion in the use of aluminum bottles on a selective basis. In addition to Australia’s Fosters, U. S. raft beer marketer High Falls Brewing Company, based in Rochester, New York, has two varieties of beer–Pale Ale and Honey Brown lager–which come in aluminum bottles, and which are selling extremely well, especially in bars and clubs–but also in supermarkets, convenience and liquor stores. Other brewers are following suit and introducing varieties of their beers in aluminum bottles. Being such an international iconic brand though, the fact that Coca-Cola has introduced three of its Coke varieties in the sleek, contoured aluminum bottles is a big deal. Coke’s innovation goes a long way in helping to legitimize the aluminum bottles as viable beverage packaging options. It will obviously be interesting to see if Coca-Cola decides to expand its current pilot-test of the of the contoured aluminum-bottled sodas beyond the night clubs and selected special event venues anytime soon. The company executive at the New York conference said the success of the current pilot programs would be the primary determining factor regarding if and when Coke expands distribution of the aluminum -glad soft drinks nationally to food and beverage stores. It seems to use the Coke in the contoured aluminum bottles would be perfect for selected distribution to upscale retailers like Whole Foods Market, Target, Cost-Plus World Market, Trader Joe’s and the numerous regional, upscale food retailers throughout the U. S. , like Publix in Florida, H. E. B. in Texas, Bristol Farms and Gelson’s in Southern California, Wegman’s on the East Coast, and many others. The same in the UK with retailer’s like Waitrose, Sainsbury’s and Tesco, for example. We don’t see the aluminum bottles becoming a big-selling mainstay of the giant beverage company’s brand line-up though. Price competition is too aggressive in the carbonated soft drink beverage category to do any serious volume with a package that isn’t dirt cheap to produce, bottle and sell. However, we think the sleek, contoured aluminum Coke drinks could do very well as a niche item at the upscale-type of retailers we mentioned above, as well as be a big hit at higher-end night clubs across the U. S. and internationally. Think New York and Miami in the USA, London, Moscow, Mexico City and a few other international cities where style and beverage choice seem to be synonymous these days. For trend-setting consumers, packaging can be King. Not only that, but if a consumer saves enough of the sturdy, aluminum Coke bottles, they can even melt them down and make something out of them: perhaps a backyard BBQ, a post-modern aluminum planter box for the garden, or a sleek red or silver aluminum wagon for junior. In fact, perhaps Coca-Cola should launch a contest. Perhaps something like: Design the best item made out of used Coke aluminum soda bottles. Not only would that be fun marketing, it would be the green thing to do. After all, reuse is even better than recycling from an environmental standpoint.

People Management and Organisation Development

Executive Summary The introduction of changes in a business is usually related to resistance at lower or higher level. Such risk can be reduced if appropriate measures are taken in advance. In this study, reference is made to an organisation’s effort to implement a change plan in order to secure the benefits of Organisational Development. The above effort of the organisation has led to certain benefits. Still, improvements would be made to the plan so that a long term growth is achieved. It should be noted that the business operate in the fast food industry, a sector which is quite competitive. In UK, where the business is based, the strong competition of the industry has been combined with the market pressures. This means that in order to secure their organisational development the businesses of the industry, including the business under review, should focus on all aspects of organisational change. 1.0 Introduction The appearance of failures in the completion of daily organisational tasks usually indicates the need for reviewing the organisational sectors involved. If such initiative is not taken immediately then the deterioration of organisational performance is not avoided. For ensuring that such phenomena are avoided in their environment businesses can act in advance by developing a flexible strategy, i.e. a strategy that allows to managers an early intervention to organisational problems (Pasmore et al., 2013). In this way, chances for severe losses are limited while the exposure of the organisation to further risks is reduced. Organisational development is a framework that helps managers to face problems by implementing appropriate plans of change. In the literature, organisational development has been described as ‘the process of planned change and improvement of organisations through the application of knowledge of the behavioural sciences’ (Griffin and Moorhead, 2009: 504). The practical implications of organisational development are explored in this paper. Reference is made to a business of the UK fast-food industry. The specific business operates in UK for more than 10 years and it is part of a global chain of fast-food restaurants. Due to severe problems in the organisation’s daily operations the implementation of a plan for change was considered as the only solution. The key aim of this effort was to achieve organisational development within the shortest possible period and within an economy budget. Following this practice would allow the business to keep its performance standardized while organisational development would be in progress. The target set was only partially achieved. Losses were minimized but the cost of the strategy was proved much higher than initially estimated. Being an employee of the business during this period I am able to describe the various phases of organisational development, as occurred in the particular business. A series of factors have negatively affected the progress of the strategy. Still, the benefits gained through the implementation of change cannot be ignored. Drawbacks would need a bit longer, than expected, in order to disappear. 2.0 Organisational development in practice – a case study 2.1 Overview of the UK fast food sector The UK fast food sector is a quite powerful one. In fact, the specific sector is characterized by strong competition and the increased control of multinational brands, such as McDonalds and KFC (Ibis World, 2014). Despite the signs of decreased performance in the near past, the particular sector shows signs of long term growth. So far, the businesses of this sector achieve a growth of 2.5% annually (Ibis World 2014, par.2). Local brands seem to have improved their position while new entrants have become common phenomenon. For the future, the perspectives of the sector have been highlighted as significant. Still, concerns have appeared in regard to critical issues that have been related to industry’s products; reference can be made, as an example, to the concerns developed by governmental and non-governmental organisations in UK for the potential threat of the sector’s products for children’s health (Hardwick, 2014). 2.2 Assessment of the strategy implemented In order to evaluate the appropriateness of the strategy of change implemented in the organisation of the case study it is necessary to present primary this strategy’s parts. Then, an assessment can be produced in regard to this strategy taking into consideration the existing literature but also the benefits and drawbacks of the strategy, as appeared almost immediately after the strategy’s implementation.2.2.1 Key elements of the strategyThe strategy implemented in the business under examination had two parts: a) the first part referred to the introduction of changes in the tasks allocated to the staff; changes were introduced in relation to the duties of all employees, including for the restaurant’s supervisor; b) the second part of the strategy included a training program. All employees in the businesses had to participate in a training program of six weeks. The participation in the program was mandatory for employees. In order to avoid resistance the owner of the business has announced that during the program employees would be paid normally, as being in work. In the context of the program each employee had to spend one hour daily in classroom-based lectures. Also, employees were provided with support material, such as notes and lists with resources for further study. Each Friday employees had to pass a test on the week’s material. The results of the test were checked by a HR consultant. Each second Friday, the consultant had a meeting with employees for discussing their progress. At the end of the program employees passed an evaluation test the results of which were announced to the business owner. These results were combined with the employees’ overall performance, as reported daily in the workplace. Emphasis was given to the potential of employees to respond to their new duties and to achieve self-improvement.2.2.2 Critical assessment of the strategy’s appropriatenessAccording to the literature, organisational dev elopment is a complex framework. Indeed, in practice it has been proved that the above framework can refer either to the structural characteristics of a business or to the communication channels used by employees for responding to the needs of their role (Cummings and Worley, 2014). The major advantage of OD it its potential to be related ‘either to organisational structure or to organisational processes’ (Cummings and Worley, 2014: 3). Brandford and Burke (2005) also agree that OD is quite wide incorporating practices of different elements depending on the skills/ experiences of the managers involved or on the resources available for the implantation of the relevant strategy. On other hand, Yaeger and Sorensen (2009) have supported that organisational development cannot be achieved just by introducing change. Rather, it is necessary to review organisational strategy carefully and to proceed to radical improvements (Yaeger and Sorensen, 2009). In other words, OD should be based on short-term benefits but rather on the long term organisational growth. A similar approach is used by Anderson (2013). The above researcher explains that OD is not just a series of changes on existing business activities. It is rather a framework for transforming organisational practices. Such benefit can be secured only if organisational culture is also reviewed and updated (Anderson, 2013). The value of OD for the improvement of organisational performance is also highlighted in the study of Rothwell et al. (2009). In the above study particular reference is made to the leader’s role in the successful implementation of OD plans. This view is justified by referring to the following fact: in case of strong oppositions towards an OD plan the leader is the person that has to assess the crisis appropriately and to take emergent decisions. If the leader fails to respond effectively in any phase of the plan then the chances for the success of the plan are significantly re duced (Rothwell et al., 2009). The potential practices of managers for developing effective strategies are presented in the graph in Figure 1 (Appendices). According to the above, the strategy of change implemented in the business reviewed in this paper cannot be characterized as fully effective. At a first level, the restaurant’s manager has accepted that he had not experience on such plans. Then, when employees started to have concerns on their replacement during their absence for the seminars no clear answer was given to them. No particular program has been developed for arranging the changing of swifts during the training program. Rather, swift arrangements were made daily, in the beginning of the swift and with reference to the other day. In this way, if an employee would not be able to replace a colleague as a result of an unexpected event, then the staff’s left in the restaurant would not be adequate for covering the tasks required. On the other fact, all employ ees have welcomed the re-distribution of tasks and the arrangement of meetings with the HR consultant. Due to these practices the restaurant’s efforts to promote change have faced minimum resistance from employees. 2.3 Evaluation of how the cooperation of stakeholders has been ensured In the change plan implemented in the business under examination the cooperation of stakeholders has been attempted by using two motives: one monetary and the other non-monetary. Indeed, at a primary level efforts have been made so employees do not feel as suffering losses due to their participation in the OD plan of the organisation. In fact, employees are compensated normally without their participation in the training program to reduce their daily income. Moreover, a non-monetary motive has been used by the employer in order to ensure that employees would not feel as threatened by the change efforts: employees have the chance to discuss with the HR consultant in regard to the changes in their duties but also in regard to their needs and weaknesses as of the tasks assigned to them daily. In this way, the change plan becomes for employees a chance for self-development and not a cause for potential losses. The effectiveness of this approach could be decided by referring to the respon ses of employees to the plan of change but also to their views as of the particular organisational initiative. After the end of the training program a survey was conducted within the business. Employees had to state their view on the OD plan so far and to make suggestions for potential improvements of the plan. The findings of the survey seem to be quite satisfactory: about 73% of employees are convinced for the plan’s necessity while 68% of employees agree that the chosen approaches for promoting change have been appropriate. However, there is also a percentage 32% of employees that would prefer to wait for a particular period of time before developing an opinion for the plan’s effectiveness. The literature developed in this field offers the chance to understand the role of stakeholders in the organisational development but also the need to secure their participation in any organisational change plan. For Grieves (2010) stakeholders would be willing to support the OD of a business only in the following case: that they would be given the chance to share their knowledge/ resources with the organisation. For example, customers would be supportive to an organisation’s effort to improve its services by giving to customers the potential for a feedback (Grieves, 2010). The provision of free Internet within a restaurant so that customers can check the daily menu and state their view on their food on real-time would be another scheme for increasing the customers’ interest towards the business involved. From another point of view, Schabracq (2009) explained that the efforts for securing the stakeholders’ support in a plan of change should be based on criteria of hierarchy: emphasis should be given primarily to the members of the organisation as ‘those who are interested mostly for the organisation’s success’ (Schabracq, 2009: 23). However, Roberts notes that when being in front of a plan of change the employees of a business are likely to react primarily with ‘cynicism and skepticism’ (2014: 58). If checked using the literature mentioned above, the approach of the manager to secure the support of stakeholders can be characterized as successful. However, this view would refer only to a particular category of stakeholders: employees. For other categories, including customers and community valid view could be formulated after a period of time, such as 6 months, and after checking the business performance in practice. For example, if 6 months after the number of customers’ complaints would continue to increase then the alteration of the OD plan of the business would be unavoidable. In other words, the business has emphasized just on its close stakeholders, probably believing that in this way direct benefits could be achieved. For the stakeholders of the business that are outside of the internal organisational environment (Figure 2) the relevant measures would take long to show their benefits, a view that can be considered as partially justified. 3.0 Conclusion The implementation of a change plan in the business under review has been considered as the only way to achieve organisational development (OD). However, the change plan introduced has not been carefully designed. The fact that emphasis has been given to employees can be considered as justified since employees are those directly affected by the organisational performance and those that can mostly prevent the success of such plan (Oswick, 2013). However, the failure of the business to address the needs of other stakeholders can be considered as a major issue (Idris et al., 2014). In addition, signs of improvement of the daily performance of business have appeared but this benefit has been achieved employing higher investment than estimated (Barnard and Stoll, 2010). Of course, the efforts of a business to promote change should not be too dynamic. In this case the chance for the negative responses of the stakeholders is high (Hashim, 2014). In regard to this issue it has been noted tha t the opposition of stakeholders to a change plan is likely to become ‘stronger as the time passes’ (Roberts 2014; 58). For eliminating such risk the managers of GM have preferred to follow Lewin’s plan of change (Figure 3), which highlights the value of slow steps in the implementation of change in each organisation. The manager in the business under examination seemed to have preferred a similar approach. Despite this fact, the alteration of the strategy implemented as certain of its parts would result to the increase of the strategy’s effectiveness. 4.0 Recommendations The strategy of change implemented in the business under review should be improved at the following points: a) customers should be given the chance to evaluate the business performance and to make their recommendations in regard to the progress of change, as applied in the business; for example, a customer-feedback leaflet should be available in the restaurant; b) the website of the restaurant should be appropriately customized so that the following option is available to customers: customers should be given the potential to vote online for the restaurant’s menu, making their choices as their preferences. The results would be evaluated by the firm’s manager on a weekly basis so that drawbacks of the menu are addressed. In other words, customers should be given a more active role in the improvement of organisation’s performance. The specific approach however would require the transformation of the business culture which is more aligned with the interests of its cl osest stakeholders, i.e. its members, a practice that it is not always considered as negative (Schabracq, 2009); c) also, a supervision scheme should be developed for ensuring that the phases of the strategy of change are sufficiently monitored as in all of their elements. This measure would be aligned with the suggestions made by Griffith-Cooper and King (2007) in regard to the importance of control in the organisational change (Figure 4). 5.0 Bibliography Anderson, D., 2013. Organisation Development: The Process of Leading Organisational Change. London: SAGE. Asghar, Z., 2011. New Approach to Strategic Planning: the Impact of Leadership and Culture on Plan Implantation via the three Cs: Cooperation, Collaboration and Coordination. 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Managing Stakeholders: An Integrative Perspective on the Source of Competitive Advantage. Asian Social Science, 8(10), pp.160-172. Yaeger, T. and Sorensen, P., 2009. Strategic Organisation Development: Managing Change for Success. Charlotte: IAP Publishing. Yilmaz, B. and Gunel, O., 2009. The Importance of Strategic Stakeholder Management in Tourism Sector: Research on Probable Applications. TOURISMOS: AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF TOURISM, 4(1), pp.97-108.